Diffrence between ABC costing and the Time Driven ABC costing (HBR) Article

Diffrence between ABC costing and the Time Driven ABC costing (HBR) - Article Example Time Driven ABC was proposed by Robert S. Kaplan and Steven R. Anderson, in 2004. Despite the fact that ABC had been an innovator in controlling organizations associations, still it couldn't stay up with the regularly growing creation lines of organizations. Time driven ABC is really an improvement of the ABC technique (Kaplan and Bruns). Time Driven ABC requires just the estimation of the commonsense limit of assets and the time required for value-based exercises. Where ABC doesn't represent the unused limit in the association, Time Driven ABC represents the unused limits, hence opening roads for the portion of these abilities to new items or chopping them down. It is simpler to keep up and accumulate the information through this model, as the work power required is far less and furthermore the social affair of the information doesn't require the representatives to be reviewed. The administrator can allot the ideal opportunity for an action based n his expert perception instead of emotional records of the workers. It is simpler to ascertain and approve when contrasted with the customary ABC. The information can likewise be handily refreshed. The Time driven ABC strategy takes into consideration the joining of a wide assortment of components in the time condition. It can adapt to something other than a nearby office with predetermined number of exercises. It likewise lessens odds of spending slack, made by retaining of private data held by

Philipino Tale: Juan Wearing a Monkey’s Skin Essay

This Filipino story was recorded in English dependent on a Kapampangan (Pampango, from the territory of Pampanga) form in the mid twentieth century. There is likewise a Bicolano (Bikulano, from Bicol) variant of this story. Quite a long time ago there was a couple which was from the start childless. The dad was very anxiousto have a child to acquire his property: so he went to the congregation day by day, and implored God to give hima youngster, yet futile. At some point, in his extraordinary dissatisfaction, the man shouted without intuition, â€Å"O incredible God! let me have a child, regardless of whether it is as a monkey!† and just a couple of days after the fact his significant other brought forth a monkey. The dad was so much humiliated that he needed to execute his son;but at long last his better reas on won, and he saved the youngster. He said to himself, â€Å"It is my fault,I know; yet I expressed that summon without thinking.† So, rather than executing the monkey, the couple just concealed it from guests; and at whatever point any one requested the youngster, they only replied, â€Å"Oh, he passed on long ago.† The opportunity arrived when the monkey developed to be mature enough to wed. He went to his dad, and stated, â€Å"Give me your approval, father, for I am leaving to search for a wife.† The dad was very much happy to be liberated from this unpleasant child, so he promptly gave him his approval. Before releasing him, in any case, the dad said to the monkey, â€Å"You should never return again to our house.† â€Å"Very well, I will not,† said the monkey. The monkey at that point went out, and went to discover his fortune. One night he imagined thatthere was a château amidst the ocean, and that in this palace abided a princess of unspeakable magnificence. The princess had been put there with the goal that nobody may find her reality. The monkey, who had been purified through water two days after his introduction to the world and was named Juan,immediately fixed to the royal residence of the ruler. There he posted a letter which read as follows: â€Å"I, Juan, realize that your Majesty has a daughter.† Normally the ruler was exceptionally furious to have his mystery found. He promptly sent fighters to search for Juan. Juan was before long found, and brought to the royal residence. The ruler said to him, â€Å"How do you realize that I have a little girl? In the event that you can bring her here, I will offer her to you for a spouse. If not, howeve r, your head will be cut off from your body.† â€Å"O your Majesty!† said Juan, â€Å"I am certain that I can discover her and bring her here. I am willing to losemy head if inside three days I neglect to satisfy my promise.† After he had said this, Juan pulled back, and unfortunately went out to search for the shrouded princess. As he was strolling along the street, he heard the call of a winged creature. He turned upward, and saw a fledgling got between two limbs with the goal that it couldn't get away. The flying creature said to him, â€Å"O monkey, on the off chance that you will however discharge me, I willâ give all of you I have.†

Myths About Psychology Majors

Myths About Psychology Majors Student Resources Print Myths About Psychology Majors By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on July 23, 2019 Image by greenasian, Creative Commons More in Student Resources APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips Careers Psychology is one of the most popular academic subjects in the world, frequently ranking as one of the top five most popular college majors. Yet there are many myths and misconceptions that persist about the topic and the students who study it. People who are unfamiliar with psychology sometimes dismiss it as a pseudoscience akin to astrology. Or they mistakenly believe that students of psychology are all Freudian psychoanalysts. Take a closer look at some of the most common myths about psychology majors to get a better idea of what psychology is really all about. Myth: Psychology Majors Are Mind-Readers Reality: Psychology is certainly the study of the mind and behavior, but this hardly gives psychology students the ability to read someones mind. Yes, a psychologist or even a person with a strong background in the study of human behavior might be able to make some fairly accurate assessments about you. They might be able to understand why you do certain things. They might be able to make accurate predictions about your future behavior. This certainly does not make them psychic. It just means that they have a strong knowledge of human psychology and excellent observational skills. Myth: Psychology Majors Are Psychoanalysts Reality: Yes, the famed Viennese psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud is still very much one of the most famous figures in the history of psychology. While almost all students learn about Freuds theories, its mostly for the purposes of historical perspective. Few students are exposed to Freudian training today without enrolling in a psychoanalytic institute. The person most likely to psychoanalyze you is the so-called armchair psychologist who has little to no background in psychology. Myth: Psychology Is an Easy Major Reality: Psychology is a challenging subject and not something to dismiss as easy. Many subjects within psychology can be particularly challenging, such as statistics, research methods, cognitive psychology, and other areas. Dont let an introductory course in the subject fool you into thinking that majoring in psychology will be a walk in the park. As you delve more deeply into the subject, you will be expected to learn about challenging subjects, explore difficult topics, and conduct a great deal of writing and research. Psychology is an incredibly broad subject with numerous subtopics and branches. With so much to explore and learn, it is a rich subject that lends itself to a great deal of study. Myth: Psychology Majors Can Hypnotize You Reality: There are certainly psychologists who are skilled in the therapeutic use of hypnosis. Research has demonstrated that hypnosis can be effectively used for a range of purposes, from the management of pain to the reduction of nausea resulting from chemotherapy. However, hypnosis is a specialized skill and not all psychologists are trained in its use. Being hypnotized requires voluntary participation, and despite depictions in popular stage acts, you cannot be hypnotized against your will. Myth: Psychology Is Not Really a Science Reality: Psychology is rooted in scientific methods and relies on empirical procedures to investigate the human mind and behavior. Psychologists use the scientific method to conduct experiments, conduct statistical analysis, and report the results of their studies. Some branches of psychology, such as neuropsychology, utilize tools such as MRIs and PET scans to investigate what is happening inside of the brain. Myth: Psychology Majors Wont Be Able to Find Jobs Once They Graduate Reality: There are many different areas of psychology where people may choose to specialize and work. The job market for a particular type of job may depend on a number of factors, including where you live, what your educational background is like, and what area you choose to work in. There is a strong demand for people in areas such as mental health and applied psychology, and many of these jobs pay well. One important thing to remember is that many areas of psychology do require a graduate degree. A Word From Verywell Psychology is a popular subject, but that does not necessarily mean that it is always well understood. Myths and misconceptions continue to persist, but learning about the truth behind the myths can give you a better understanding of the challenges that psychology majors sometimes face. What do you think are the biggest myths about psychology students?

The Two Regions which were Colonized The Chesapeake...

When the English settled into the New World, they were split up into two sections, the Chesapeake region and the New England region. Although the English settled both, the two regions were severely different from each other when they were brought about. The New England and Chesapeake colonies differed in three ways: their reason for venturing over, economy, and population. These major differences were what shaped our nation today and what will continue shaping our nation in the future. When the Mayflower sailed over to the New World, on the boats were Puritans that were looking for a change in the way that their religion was practiced where the Chesapeake settlers came over for gold. Alongside the Puritans were the Separatists who†¦show more content†¦The gold was never found and the passage through America was given up in hopes of staying alive. Because the Chesapeake settlers were too interested in gold, they did not settle down and get ready for the harsh winters to come; leaving them unprotected to the fierce winter. The New England settlers were settles and ready, but they did loose a few men to the bitter cold, however not as many as the Chesapeake settlers did. The economy of the two regions also greatly differed because of the terrain that they landed on. Because the land in the south was much more fertile than in the north, the southern colonies thrived in rice and tobacco, profiting greatly. In New England the settlers could not grow anything in the rocky terrain and were forced into fishing, building, and farming. However, not much farming went on because of the infertile soil. In the Chesapeake slaves were also a main part of their economy. The slave trade made them very wealthy because of their closeness to the West Indies. They would be shipped many slaves and then use them to harvest their crops and plant their land. Soon, the slaves outnumbered white settlers by about four to one. When the English sailed over to the New Wor ld, there were only a handful of them, that is, until slavery was introduced. While New England was almost all white English settlers Chesapeake was made up of mostly African American slaves. In New England, the need for slaves was not very high because of theShow MoreRelatedEssay on APUSH DBQ Chapter 3-4942 Words   |  4 PagesReformation in England led the Puritans to immigrate to America. Also, Old England was going through a hard economic time. Many were poor and unemployed, and this caused English men to seek a better life in the new world. The Spanish exploration, led by Christopher Columbus, led the way for other European countries to follow to the new world. The eastern coast of North America was colonized by English men of the same background and origin, but by the 1700s, the New England and Chesapeake regions have developedRead MoreComparing and Contrasting the Colonial Regions Established in British North America1180 Words   |  5 PagesComparing and Contrasting the Colonial Regions Established in British North America British North America by the mid 1700’s consisted of three major regions. The New England region included the colonies of Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. The Middle Region included the colonies of New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware. The Southern Region, also known as the Chesapeake Colonies, included the Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, andRead MoreSocial, Economic and Political Differences Between the New England and Chesapeake Colonies709 Words   |  3 PagesDuring colonial times, European nations quickly colonized the New World years after Columbus’ so called discovery. England in particular sent out a number of groups to the east coast of the New World to two regions. These areas were the New England and the Chesapeake regions. Later in the late 1700s, these two regions would go though many conflicts to come together as one nation. Yet, way before that would occur; these two areas developed in to two distinct societies. These differences affected theRead More Differences in the Development of New England and the Chesapeake Region788 Words   |  4 Pagesin the Development of New England and the Chesapeake Region Question: Although New England and the Chesapeake region were both settled largely by people of English origin, by 1700 the regions had evolved into two distinct societies. Why did this difference in development occur? By the 1700s the two regions, New England and Chesapeake varied greatly in spite of being from the same mother country, England. Physical and cultural differences separated these two regions distinctively. WhileRead MoreThe United States1676 Words   |  7 Pagesin Jamestown. New additions soon came to what would be the United States: Plymouth in 1620; eastern Massachusetts in 1630; and finally Maryland in 1632. The first two colonized regions of North America by the British, the Chesapeake Bay and New England, faced early difficulties, had relatively unsuccessful economies as well as commonly plagued relationships with their native neighbors, and eventually blossomed enough under the rule of dedicated governors to expand; yet, the Chesapeake was found toRead MoreThe English Colonization And Settlement Essay1113 Words   |  5 Pagescolonization and settlement in the New World (North America) that would eventually end up with thirteen colonies for the English. How did the Engl ish colonization and settlement in the Chesapeake and southern colonies differ from that in New England? What factors motivated people to settle in the different regions? What effect did the English Protestant Reformation in the mid-1500s have on the desire of Englishmen to migrate to the New World? [Hint: the New England colonies.] How did the desire forRead MoreThe Impact Of North American Colonization On Native Americans909 Words   |  4 Pagesselling harvests. These settlers were rich, powerful gentlemen who traveled across the sea to America in search of easy riches. They arrived amid a group of Native Americans called the Powhatan, who they later have awful encounters with and cause the death of many English men. In addition to these encounters, the location of the poisonous peninsula also lead the cause of death for the newly arrived settlers, and in the first nine months less than half of the colonists were able to survive. NeverthelessRead MoreThe Colonization Of The New World1836 Words   |  8 PagesThe colonization of the New World by the English began after Queen Elizabeth passed in 1603. This is when King James I signed a treaty with Spain ending decades of warfare after succeeding to the throne and needing new sources of income, the British decided to act on what they had previously ignored for a variety of reasons. The first colonies formed into two distinct regions, the Chesapeake and New England. Although both regions were colonized by persons of English descent, they contrasted politicallyRead MoreDear Cousin - Original Writing Essay2495 Words   |  10 Pagesaround when all of a sudden, two big men approached me. While they were dragging me I was yelling and crying, thus they got annoyed with me and covered my mouth with their hands and threatened that if I yell again they would cut my tongue off. Then they took me to their horse and carriage in which I stayed quiet for the rest of the ride. The ride felt like forever. I was so scare d, I had no idea where these men were taking me. There were hundreds of people. There were so many people all in one placeRead MoreDifferences between the Chesapeake Bay and New England Colonies1875 Words   |  8 PagesDifferences between the Chesapeake Bay and New England ColoniesThere are many key differences that distinguish the inhabitants of the New England colonies from those of the Chesapeake Bay colonies. These dissimilarities include but are not limited to the differences between the social structure, family life, forms of government, religion, and the lives of indentured servants and children in the two colonies. The social structure and family life of the two colonies varied greatly. The inhabitants

Argon Facts (Atomic Number 18 or Ar)

Argon is a noble gas with element symbol Ar and atomic number 18. It is best known for its use as an inert gas and for making plasma globes. Fast Facts: Argon Element Name: ArgonElement Symbol: ArAtomic Number: 18Atomic Weight: 39.948Appearance: Colorless inert gasGroup: Group 18 (Noble Gas)Period: Period 3Discovery: Lord Rayleigh and William Ramsay (1894) Discovery Argon was discovered by Sir William Ramsay and Lord Rayleigh in 1894 (Scotland). Prior to the discovery, Henry Cavendish (1785) suspected some unreactive gas occurred in air. Ramsay and Rayleigh isolated argon by removing the nitrogen, oxygen, water, and carbon dioxide. They found the remaining gas was 0.5% lighter than nitrogen. The emission spectrum of the gas did not match that of any known element. Electron Configuration [Ne] 3s2 3p6 Word Origin The word argon comes from the Greek word argos, which means inactive or lazy. This refers to the extremely low chemical reactivity of argon. Isotopes There are 22 known isotopes of argon ranging from Ar-31 to Ar-51 and Ar-53. Natural argon is a mixture of three stable isotopes: Ar-36 (0.34%), Ar-38 (0.06%), Ar-40 (99.6%). Ar-39 (half-life 269 yrs) is to determine the age of ice cores, ground water and igneous rocks. Appearance Under ordinary conditions, argon is a colorless, odorless, and flavorless gas. The liquid and solid forms are transparent, resembling water or nitrogen. In an electric field, ionized argon produces a characteristic lilac to violet glow. Properties Argon has a freezing point of -189.2Â °C, boiling point of -185.7Â °C, and density of 1.7837 g/l. Argon is considered to be a noble or inert gas and does not form true chemical compounds, although it does form a hydrate with a dissociation pressure of 105 atm at 0Â °C. Ion molecules of argon have been observed, including (ArKr), (ArXe), and (NeAr). Argon forms a clathrate with b hydroquinone, which is stable yet without true chemical bonds. Argon is two and a half times more soluble in water than nitrogen, with approximately the same solubility as oxygen. Argons emission spectrum includes a characteristic set of red lines. Uses Argon is used in electric lights and in fluorescent tubes, photo tubes, glow tubes, and in lasers. Argon is used as an inert gas for welding and cutting, blanketing reactive elements, and as a protective (nonreactive) atmosphere for growing crystals of silicon and germanium. Sources Argon gas is prepared by fractionating liquid air. The Earths atmosphere contains 0.94% argon. Mars atmosphere contains 1.6% Argon-40 and 5 ppm Argon-36. Toxicity Because it is inert, argon is considered to be non-toxic. It is a normal component of air that we breathe every day. Argon is used in blue argon laser to repair eye defects and kill tumors. Argon gas may replace nitrogen in underwater breathing mixtures (Argox) to help reduce the incidence of decompression sickness. Although argon is non-toxic, it is considerably more dense than air. In an enclosed space, it may present an asphyxiation risk, particularly near ground level. Element Classification Inert Gas Density (g/cc) 1.40 ( -186 Â °C) Melting Point (K) 83.8 Boiling Point (K) 87.3 Appearance Colorless, tasteless, odorless noble gas Atomic Radius (pm):Â  2- Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 24.2 Covalent Radius (pm): 98 Specific Heat (20Â °C J/g mol): 0.138 Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 6.52 Debye Temperature (K): 85.00 Pauling Negativity Number: 0.0 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 1519.6 Lattice Structure: Face-Centered Cubic Lattice Constant (Ã…): 5.260 CAS Registry Number: 7440–37–1 Argon Trivia The first noble gas to be discovered was argon.Argon glows violet in a gas discharge tube. It is the gas found in plasma balls.William Ramsay, in addition to argon, discovered all the noble gases except radon. This earned him the 1904 Noble Prize in Chemistry.The original atomic symbol for argon was A. In 1957, the IUPAC changed the symbol to the current Ar.Argon is the 3rd most common gas in Earths atmosphere.Argon is produced commercially by fractional distillation of air.Substances are stored in argon gas to prevent interactions with the atmosphere. Sources Brown, T. L.; Bursten, B. E.; LeMay, H. E. (2006). J. Challice; N. Folchetti, eds. Chemistry: The Central Science (10th ed.). Pearson Education. pp. 276 289. ISBN 978-0-13-109686-8.Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 4.121. ISBN 1439855110.Shuen-Chen Hwang, Robert D. Lein, Daniel A. Morgan (2005). Noble Gases. Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Wiley. pp. 343–383.Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

Renal Compensation Acid Base Balance Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(78) " nephritic tubules as they have a brush boundary line of microvilli \[ 4 \] \." Introduction Acid-base balance in the human organic structure refers to the ordinance of the free H ions present in the organic structure fluids [ 1 ] . This balance is important to the continuance of life as it influences many different systems and mechanisms in the organic structure. The mean pH of the blood when all the homeostatic controls are working efficaciously is 7. We will write a custom essay sample on Renal Compensation Acid Base Balance Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now 4. The pH of normal arterial blood is really 7.45 whereas the pH of normal venous blood is 7.35. This difference can be accounted for by the fact that when CO2 is picked up by tissue capillaries, this leads to the coevals of H2CO3. This in bend generates H+ doing the blood more acidic [ 1 ] . It is partially due to the actions of the kidneys which helps maintain the blood within theses rigorous bounds. All reactions affecting enzymes will necessitate that the pH of organic structure fluids remains within a narrow scope. The function of the kidneys in keeping this homeostasis is of import, but is seen as the â€Å" 3rd defense mechanism † , the first being the usage of chemical buffers in the organic structure and the 2nd being changes made in take a breathing which changes the pCO2 ( partial force per unit area of C dioxide ) and hence the concentration of H ions in organic structure fluids [ 2 ] . In this study, I will depict the changes that the kidneys make in seeking to modulate this balance, how the anatomy of the kidney maps to drive these mechanisms and the response of the kidneys when the organic structure experiences acidosis of alkalosis. Besides as portion of my study, I will discourse the effects that a high protein, low saccharide diet has on the acid-base balance of the organic structure, how this is later corrected utilizing nephritic homeostatic mechanisms, the possible nephritic pathology that can happen as a consequence, and the consequence this will hold on nephritic compensation of acid-base balance thenceforth. Important anatomy of the kidney The kidneys are the variety meats which are chiefly responsible for the production of urine, before it passes through the ureters to the urinary vesica in the pelvic girdle [ 3 ] . The kidneys are located within the right and left wing and situated retroperitoneally to the spinal column, between the spinal degrees of T12 to T13 [ 4 ] . The kidneys are about 11-14cm lengthwise and the kidney situated on the left side is found to be more inferior. The kidney consists of uriniferous tubule fractional monetary units, of which there are around 1million present [ 4 ] . But it is the internal constructions of the kidney which are of most involvement in relation to the care of acid-base balance ; peculiarly the function of the proximal tubule, type A and B intercalated cannular cells found in the distal and connecting tubules, and the peritubular capillaries. Figure 1 below is a diagram which depicts the cross-section of a kidney and the functional anatomy. [ 5 ] Blood is supplied to the kidneys through the nephritic arterias, which branch straight from the abdominal aorta. Branching occurs once more one time within the kidney. One group of these sub-branches are the interlobular arterias. These run through the nephritic cerebral mantle and subdivision once more to organize the sensory nerve glomerular arteriolas which supplies oxygenated blood to the glomerular capillary bed and besides, the motor nerve glomerular atrerioles. Within the nephritic cerebral mantle, some of these motorial glomerular arteriolas form the web of peritubular capillaries [ 4 ] . These capillaries can either have secreted ions from the intercalated cells, or they can pump ions into the nephritic cannular lms, from where they will be transferred into the urine [ 4 ] .Figure 2 below shows a simplified diagram of the uriniferous tubule, nevertheless efficaciously describes the chemical exchanges which take topographic point. [ 6 ] Intercalated cells Intercalated cannular cells are found in the epithelial tissue of the collection and distal tubules, along with chief cells. The cells found in these tubules, along with all other nephritic tubules are cubelike epithelial ( one exclusion is the lms of the thin limb of the cringle of henle where the cells are level ) . But it is entirely the intercalated cells involved in keeping acid-base balance. The intercalated cells can nevertheless be classified farther, into Type A and Type B. We are able to make this due the fact that these cells have different transporter proteins [ 7 ] . Type A intercalated cells – These cells are more active than type B and act in order to forestall a province of acidosis. This is done by 1 ) secernment of free H+ 2 ) resorption of HCO-3 3 ) Resorption of K+ [ 1 ] . Hydrogen ions are secreted from these cells via an H+/ATPase transporter, a proton pump, which actively secretes them. The Reabsorbtion of K+ ions occurs along side this procedure. It should besides be noted that the presence of aldosterone, which elevates the activity of the H+ -ATPase pump, increases the rate of H+ secernment. [ 4 ] Type B intercalated cells – These cells act in order to forestall a province alkalosis. This is done by Secretion of HCO-3 2 ) resorption of free H+ 3 ) secernment K+ . [ 1 ] Alternatively of the proton pump, these cells contain an H+-ATPase pump. This complex actively transports H+ ions back into the peritubular capillary from the nephritic cannular lms. But the most of import map of these cells is the secernment of HCO3- ions from the peritubular capillary into the nephritic cannular lms for elimination. This occurs in the apical membrane of the cell, where the HCO3- ions are exchanged across the membrane. The transporter through which HCO3- ions are exchanged is non the same as the pump that is utilised in type A intercalated cells. These cells work in sync in order to keep the right balance. Proximal tubule The cells found in this tubule are besides cubelike epithelial cells, nevertheless, these cells differ from the cells found in the nephritic tubules as they have a brush boundary line of microvilli [ 4 ] . You read "Renal Compensation Acid Base Balance Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" This provides a larger entire surface country for the transportation of substances across the cell membranes. Many chondriosomes are besides seen in these cells histologically, in order to supply energy for procedures affecting active conveyance [ 7 ] . Physiologically, the proximal tubule has two chief functions. First, to resorb from the glomerulus any hydrogen carbonate ions which have been filtered. The proximal tubule is the chief site of bicarbonate resorption, with 85-90 % of the filtered hydrogen carbonate being reabsorbed here. Second, it is the primary site of ammonia production. The huge bulk of this production is done within the proximal tubule [ 8 ] . Both of these mechanisms will be discussed in more item in the undermentioned chapters. Nephritic mechanisms of acid-base balance The excess nephritic homeostatic mechanisms of acid-base ordinance consist of ; the pneumonic ordinance of pCO2 and buffer systems found in the blood and intracellularly. Interaction does take topographic point between these mechanisms and the action that the kidneys take in keeping acid-base balance [ 9 ] . There are three factors which are regulated by the kidneys refering acid-base balance: H+ elimination HCO-3 elimination NH3 secernment It should be noted that these factors are interrelated and there is no isolation when it comes to keeping their degrees in the plasma [ 1 ] . The purpose of the kidneys is to keep the physiological acid-base ratio of 1:20. This being the ratio between CO2 ( which becomes H2CO3 when dissolved in the plasma ) and HCO-3. Although the three factors mentioned above are physically changed, it is the concentration of HCO-3 which is ever altered during each mechanism, doing it the common denominator that influences plasma acid-base balance [ 10 ] . In a instance of acidosis or nearing acidosis, the buffers can merely make so much to battle the alteration in pH. The anatomy of the kidney involved in releasing H+ ‘s into the piss, in order to be ejected from the organic structure are the proximal, distal and roll uping tubules [ 1 ] . The anatomy of which is described above. These H ions are derived from CO2 found in one of three topographic points ; the plasma, the cannular fluid or fro m the intercalated tubular cells where it is synthesised due to metabolic procedures [ 1 ] . Bicarbonate ions are besides synthesised in the cannular cells from CO2 and H2O, and this reaction is catalysed by the enzyme carbonaceous anhydrase. But the kidney has two functions with respect to bicarbonate ions ; it is involved in the resorption of filtered hydrogen carbonate ions and the elimination of hydrogen carbonate that has been synthesised from its constituents.The site of this resorption within the kidney is found chiefly in the proximal tubule, but there is grounds of this taking topographic point at the distal and convoluting tubule and thick go uping limb of the henle [ 11 ] . At the nephritic atoms, Bicarbonate ions are easy filtered. But in order to forestall organic structure fluids from going greatly acidic, most of these ions must be reabsorbed [ 12 ] . This is the destiny of the huge bulk of these ions, with merely around 0.1 % being lost in the urine [ 9 ] . However as mentioned, the creative activity of new hydrogen carbonate ions occurs within the cannular c ells of the kidney. This procedure takes topographic point each clip there is 1 ) secernment of ammonium and 2 ) the elimination of acid. From the cannular cells, the hydrogen carbonate ions are absorbed into the peritubular lms. [ 13 ] Ammonium secernment is a utile manner in which the kidney can egest more H ions, as it does non affect the demand for organic buffers. The ammonium that is utilized is derived from the dislocation of protein. However as ammonium is toxic even at comparatively low degrees, in the liver, the ammonium ion is bound to a hydrogen carbonate ion in the signifier of either Urea or Glutamine. Once the glutamine is passed onto the proximal tubules in the kidney, the ammonium ion is released, ready for usage [ 9 ] . The demand for this ammonium is due to the fact that the kidneys can non overload the piss with H ions because the urine pH can non be decreased lower so 4.5. The ammonia Acts of the Apostless as a secondary buffer in this sense, along with a phosphate buffer, which is besides present in the cannular fluid [ 1 ] . The purpose of these mechanisms is to forestall the oncoming of acidosis or alkalosis. Acidosis and alkalosis can be classified, depending on which factor have been changed and the cause of this alteration. If the first alteration was in pCO2, either an addition or a lessening, the status will be known as either respiratory acidosis or alkalosis. Whereas if it is a alteration in hydrogen carbonate or H concentration, this will either be metabolic acidosis or alkalosis [ 14 ] The physiological effects of the pH of organic structure fluids rolling outwith the rigorous physiological bounds can hold body-wide systemic effects. For illustration ; fluctuations in the concentration of H ions can change the irritability of certain nerve cells. It besides can hold effects on enzyme activity and K+ degrees in the organic structure fluids [ 1 ] . Nephritic compensation of the systemic effects on acid-base balance, caused by a high protein, low saccharide diet. This diet has come into the public oculus as a manner of cut downing one ‘s organic structure weight, whilst still being able to bask nutrients that would usually be seen as inappropriate if one was on a diet. The construct behind the thought is the remotion of simple saccharides from the diet, and replacing them with high animate being protein nutrient ( e.g sausage and bacon ) [ 15 ] . It has been noted that the immediate alteration to this diet consequences in immediate weight loss. There is an lift in the rate of micturition, doing more Na to be lost, upsetting the balance of Na being taken in and Na being excreted. But the weight that is lost is due to H2O loss, non fat loss. The physiological response of aldosterone production brings the sodium/water balance back to normal [ 16 ] . In the longer term, the degree of saccharide consumed is reduced to the point where, if there was a farther decrease in the ingestion of saccharides, a province of ketonemia would follow. In a survey carried out by Reddy et Al. suggests that a decrease in carbohydrate consumption along with a high protein diet will ensue in â€Å" uncomplete oxidization of fat and attendant ketoanion production † [ 17 ] . The premiss behind this method of weight loss is that by cut downing the degree of saccharide available to the organic structure, fat will be oxidised in the liver to supply energy. In this state of affairs, it is the ketone organic structures produced by this oxidization of fatty acids that become the chief energy beginning [ 18 ] . Protein and carbohydrate metamorphosis After protein has been metabolised by the liver, Urea is later produced. The optimal status for urea elimination is when there are low degrees of ADH in the plasma, forestalling most of the resorption of urea by the collection tubules [ 9 ] . Dietary proteins which are ingested are broken down in the tummy by endo- and exopeptidases. The component amino acids are separated from one another by the dislocation of the peptide bonds. The amino acids are so taken up by enterocytes in the little bowel and transported to the blood stream [ 4 ] . The metamorphosis of sulphur-containing amino acids leads to the formation and construct up of ions which have an consequence on acid-base balance ( Cl, P, SO4 ) [ 20 ] . The ground that sulphur incorporating amino acids lead to an increased acid burden is that the oxidization of sulfur to sulphate green goodss protons. Therefore, an addition in protein intake consequences in an addition in the acid burden in the kidneys, due to the oxidization in the liver of aminic acids incorporating sulfur. The organic structure ab initio responds with an addition in the net acid elimination, a lessening in the degree of bicarbonate ions excreted and an addition in GFR ( Glomerular filtration rate ) which later leads to an addition in ammonium elimination. The GFR is thought to increase due to a primary addition in nephritic capillary permeableness [ 19 ] . This is a reaction to an addition in the degrees of N, due to amino acerb dislocation. However this mechanism is non plenty and as a consequence, blood urea N degrees addition. As the GFR additions, more energy is required by the kidney in order to go on to work efficaciously. In the kidney, the energy beginning is the amino acerb glutamine. The rate of its metamorphosis is increased, ensuing in an addition in the degree of ammonium hydroxide ( NH3 ) produced. As the acerb burden of the kidney and therefore figure of proton has increased, ammonium hydroxide, which has the ability to accept protons is released by cannular cells. The a mmonia ions are oxidised to ammonium and extra protons are hence excreted in the piss in the signifier of ammonium. Increased degrees of acid and NH4+ are found in the piss, whereas the degree of bicarbonate ions beads expectedly. However, it should be noted that, as in response to any cause of increased nephritic acid burden, the cardinal stimulation for amminogenesis is the lessening in urinary pH. In some instances, the extent of ammonium elimination can do a ample urinary pH addition [ 20 ] . When saccharides are ingested as portion of the diet, the saccharides are usually found as polyoses. Starch and animal starch are normally obtained chiefly from works beginnings and meat severally. One of the other saccharides found in dietetic consumption, although less common, are the disaccharides. These larger units are broken down during digestion into their constituents. This is chiefly glucose. As a simple sugar, this can be easy absorbed by the enterocytes in the little bowel [ 1 ] . The lessening in dietetic saccharides is instituted in order to do protein the primary beginning of energy, leting fatty acerb oxidization and ketone organic structure formation. Nephritic pathology as a consequence of a high protein, low saccharide diet As has been discussed, an addition in the degree of dietetic protein ingested increases the acerb burden in the kidneys. This addition can take to different abnormalcies and pathologies happening within the kidneys. Ketosis is associated with a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet when there is drastic lowering of the saccharide consumption. As mentioned antecedently, ketone organic structures are produced upon oxidization of fatty acids. These build up in the blood watercourse. As the saccharide handiness has decreased, the organic structure becomes more and more dependent on fat shops as an energy supply, constructing up the degrees of ketone organic structures. This is seen as a plus point of the diet, as an increased figure of ketone organic structures leads to a loss of appetency. Ketosis has several complications which affect different systems in the organic structure. Some of which are desiccation, irregularity and a inclination to organize kidney rocks. More inauspicious affec ts include lipemia, faulty neutrophil map, ocular neuropathy and osteoporosis. The mechanisms of which will be discussed in more item [ 21 ] . It has been suggested by Frassetto et Al. that due to a normal western diet, people are predisposed to a long-run, but low class acidosis. This is seen to be amplified in older people, where there is frequently a deterioration of kidney map and the kidney is unable to cover with an increased acid burden. This can frequently take to instances of metabolic acidosis. The underlying mechanism of this induced status is the increasing inefficiency of acerb elimination by the kidneys, and a lessening in the resorption of filtered hydrogen carbonate [ 22 ] . In the survey conducted by Frassetto et Al. analyzing the production of endogenous carbonaceous acids and the degrees of K and protein ions the diet, it was found that there was a strong nexus between carnal protein uptake and nephritic net acid elimination. This was non nevertheless found with vegetable protein. This reinforces the fact it is the consumption of sulphur-containing amino acids which has a greater affect on nephritic acid burden. The figure of sulfur incorporating aminic acids in veggie is much more varied [ 22 ] . There are some surveies which suggest that a high-protein diet can be connected with chronic kidney disease, due to the strain placed upon the kidney by such as diet. The cause of which is cited as the kidney being overworked when covering with some of the by merchandises of protein metamorphosis, for illustration the addition in Urea elimination, and holding to get by with an increased GFR [ 23 ] . Chronic kidney disease can be defined as a state of affairs â€Å" when the maps of the kidneys have been so reduced by a chronic disease procedure † [ 24 ] . This may be seen as a consequence of the cumulative effects of a high-protein diet. However it should be noted that there is difference among different surveies as to the badness of such a disease and which symptoms would be present, if it were to happen. In chronic nephritic failure, the status can be exacerbated by a continued high-protein diet as this can take to increased keeping of certain ions, such as K or phosphate, which are released upon digestion of protein rich nutrients. If the patient besides has a instance of acidosis, this would decline a province of hyperkalaemia. The K found within cells is replaced with H ions, let go ofing more potassium ions into the organic structure fluids [ 24 ] . This is an illustration of how chronic kidney disease can come on due to increased kidney emphasis, brought about by an increased acid burden associated with a high protein diet. Many surveies have now found a nexus between high-protein consumption and osteoporosis. The thought is centred on the fact that a high degree of protein in the diet leads to hypercalciuria, or high degrees of Ca in the piss. One of the beginnings of this Ca is from the soaking up of dietetic Ca in the bowel. However, this addition is non big plenty to propose that this is the ground for hypercalcinuria. It is believed that the beginning of this Ca is bone and hence as a consequence, there is a lessening in skeletal mass. One of the theories to explicate this provinces that, due to the increased acid burden that consequences, nephritic handling of this burden through amminogenesis is non plenty. Calcium arising from the skeleton is released to be utilised as a buffer, before being excreted in the urine [ 21 ] . In the survey carried out by Frassetto et Al. in 2000 which looked at the hip break incidence ( HFI ) rate per 100,000 in adult females aged over 50 from states where per capit a nutrient ingestion information was available, found that â€Å" HFI in adult females over 50 is straight correlated with carnal protein ingestion † [ 22 ] . It should be noted nevertheless that there are surveies which suggest that a low-protein diet leads to a loss of bone-density. A survey done by Hannan et Al. found that â€Å" lower degrees of protein intake were associated with significantly higher rates of bone loss at the hip and spinal column † [ 25 ] . Specific nephritic pathology can be associated with this diet. One illustration is the oncoming of renal lithiasis or the presence of kidney rocks [ 26 ] . As already mentioned, one of the side-effects of a high-protein diet is hypercalicuria. This is a hazard factor for renal lithiasis. Animal protein consumption is linked with other factors which besides increase the hazard. These include ; a lessening in the soaking up of base from the GI piece of land, taking to a lessening of citrate elimination in the piss. As with many jobs associated with a high-protein diet, low saccharide consumption merely worsens the state of affairs. A lower consumption of fruit and veggies reduces dietetic beginnings of base. Decision The kidneys and nephritic system are responsible for a broad assortment of maps impacting multiple systems around the organic structure. In relation to acid-base balance, although the kidneys act in concurrence with other mechanisms to keep acid-base homeostasis, they must be working usually in order withstand even infinitesimal alterations in organic structure fluid pH, caused by pathology or diet. Although the actions of the kidney in acid-base ordinance can be categorised depending on the how the concentration of three chief ions are changed, in order for the mechanisms affecting these to be fulfilled, many different but specific chemical reactions affecting many different countries of nephritic anatomy and biochemical substrates have to take topographic point. Physiological ordinance of acid-base balance can be greatly altered by an addition in dietetic protein intake, the effects of which are merely exacerbated by reduced saccharide consumption. Although the negative effects of such a diet were clear in all the diaries and text editions I have referenced, there is still elucidation needed as to the specific mechanisms of secondary pathology obtained after nephritic handling of this increased acid burden has diminished. How to cite Renal Compensation Acid Base Balance Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Journeys Essay Example For Students

Journeys Essay JourneyA Lifetime of Journeys Journey is an important theme found in Asian Americanworks. Although journey, by travel from one place to another is a common form ofjourney, the journey through life in search of success is also an importanttheme. In Asian American Literature, an anthology by Shawn Wong, who has beenrecognized for his works ofpublished poetry, fiction, essays, and reviews thereare many references to journeys. Why does journey play such an important part ofthe lives of Asian Americans? What kinds of journeys does the literature ofAsian Americans depict? What is the significance of journey in Asian Americanpieces? Journey is important to Asian Americans, because like so many othercultures, they too, are in search of a better way of life. The AmericanDream, is what everyone desires to achieve. The opportunity to make a goodliving and the freedom that America claims to offer is enough to entice anyone. We will write a custom essay on Journeys specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Blossoming of Bongbong in Asian American Literature, by JessicaHagedon, who is from the Philippines and came to the United States in 1962 andhas published work, is about a character named Antonio Gargazulio-Duarte whomakes his way to America in search of the American Dream. Antonio, alsoknown as Bongbong, wanted to realize his dreams and felt that he would neverachieve them in Manila. Bongbong finally left Manila on a plane for SanMobley-May 2 Francisco. He was deathly afraid (Wong 203). Even thoughBongbong was fearful of what he might find in America, he was determined to goafter the opportunities he sought. Journeys take many forms in the writings,plays, movies and art of Asian Americans. Journeys are taken from nativecountries to America, from one place to another in America, and the life spenttrying to succeed or actually succeeding in their dreams. For instance, in CathySongs poem The Youngest Daughter it says She knows I am not to betrusted, even now planning my escape ( 381). The child in this poem desiresescape from herself and her family, especially her mother. Then in the playThe Music Lessons, by Wakako Yamauchi, who is a second generation JapaneseAmerican woman, she describes the suffering, hardships and the adapting that thefirst generation and successive generations of women from Japan had endured inthe United States beginning in the early 1900s. Aki Sakata, who is a fifteenyear old female character in the play wants a better life for herself. She isfearful she will endure the same type of hardship her mother was experiencing. Aki tells her mother I know about them and I dont want to stick aroundand become the kind of woman you are (445). Aki believes that a much olderman then herself would provide her opportunity to escape the hard work offarming that her mother must do to provide for her and her two brothers. Anotherform of journey takes place in the movie Sister, Double Happiness, written anddirected by Mina Shun, when Jade who yearns to become an actress rebels againsther familys morals and traditions. Her wishes to become an actress areextremely Mobley-May 3 unacceptable by her father. Both her parents wereconstantly trying to persuade her to explore something else. Jade struggles tofind her identity and to fit in. It was unacceptable in this family to move fromhome before being married and if you did, as in Jades decision to do so, youwere disowned and denied a return home. Jade left her family to seek out herdream and her father took her house key from her, so that she would not be ableto come home . Asian Americans Literature depicts many forms of journey andthey are similar to one another, yet they are individual journeys forthemselves. Journey is significant to Asian American literature, because of thedesire to succeed and fit in. This is something that I think everyone wants,whether they are Asian, Hispanic, African American or of any other culturalbackground. I know that I want to succeed and I want to fit in some where. Goalsare important and one must make a journey if they are to reach their goal. Thejourney does not have to be a physical move from one place to another, it can bea journey of the mind, but indeed a journey must be made. My step-grandmother,who is from the Philippines made several journeys throughout her life andcontinues to make journeys. She was educated in the Philippines where shereceived her teaching degree. She came to the United States where she taught forover thirty years at Cleveland Elementary School in Stockton, California. It wasat this school that she received fulfillment in teaching Asian minorities. Herteaching career ended shortly after a shooting that occurred on the play yardwhere she was Mobley-May 4 scheduled to be on yard duty that day, but hadswitched with another teacher. This act of violence, that was undisputedlydirected at Asians, was her sign that she would retire. It shook our wholefamily up, that this could or would ever happen right here in our very own town. .u977bd9b08e42ad626d3b1fc4e94a1373 , .u977bd9b08e42ad626d3b1fc4e94a1373 .postImageUrl , .u977bd9b08e42ad626d3b1fc4e94a1373 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u977bd9b08e42ad626d3b1fc4e94a1373 , .u977bd9b08e42ad626d3b1fc4e94a1373:hover , .u977bd9b08e42ad626d3b1fc4e94a1373:visited , .u977bd9b08e42ad626d3b1fc4e94a1373:active { border:0!important; } .u977bd9b08e42ad626d3b1fc4e94a1373 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u977bd9b08e42ad626d3b1fc4e94a1373 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u977bd9b08e42ad626d3b1fc4e94a1373:active , .u977bd9b08e42ad626d3b1fc4e94a1373:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u977bd9b08e42ad626d3b1fc4e94a1373 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u977bd9b08e42ad626d3b1fc4e94a1373 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u977bd9b08e42ad626d3b1fc4e94a1373 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u977bd9b08e42ad626d3b1fc4e94a1373 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u977bd9b08e42ad626d3b1fc4e94a1373:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u977bd9b08e42ad626d3b1fc4e94a1373 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u977bd9b08e42ad626d3b1fc4e94a1373 .u977bd9b08e42ad626d3b1fc4e94a1373-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u977bd9b08e42ad626d3b1fc4e94a1373:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Scarlet Ibis EssayShe now travels the world seeing as many countries and places a year that shecan with her husband, who is Caucasian. The difference she made to the childrenin that school took nearly a lifetime and I see the joy it has brought to herlife. Journeys take many forms and it is an important message conveyed in AsianAmerican literature, because it is something we all must endure to reach ourgoals. I hope to make many journeys in my life down the road of success, just asthose of a minority background do. Journeys, however, are not always for thebest and they do not always turn out how they were planned, but it is thejourney which makes us stronger and enable s us to learn from our mistakes. Themessage of journey in the Asian American works.

Ranking in Round-robin tournament free essay sample

Having examined the method and theory of scheduling single round-robin tournament, the example of ranking systems of it will be covered in the following sections. Most common way to rank players or teams in round-robin tournament Round-robin tournament is widely applied in competitions which are able to be held for a long period and need a comprehensive ranking of the players or teams. In order to acquire the ordering of teams and player, the most convenient and common way is to rank the participants according to their total victories. Nevertheless, tie may appear in an individual competition of the whole tournament. Considering three possible outcomes of a match, different scores are rewarded for having a winning, tie and losing game. The method used in the well-known English professional football league, Premier League, can be taken as an example here. Premier League is constructed by the competitions between the 20 top football clubs in England, in which double round-robin tournament is used, implying each team competes with all other teams twice. We will write a custom essay sample on Ranking in Round-robin tournament or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Three, one and zero point will be rewarded for a win, tie and lose in each competition. In the end of the league, a ranking list will be mainly arranged by the total scores of each team. Problems arisen by ranking with total scores Yet, this method may not be a perfect one when taking account of the outcome and fairness. Firstly, the total scores of the top two teams may be the same, showing that comparing only score is possibly inadequate to decide the champion. Secondly, the ranked ordering does not accurately reflect each team’s ability as a victory against a stronger team is more worthy than a win against a weaker team. (M. Stob,1985) Solution to the problem of tie in ranking To tackle the first problem, other criteria can be added into the arrangement of ranking by considering the nature of that sport itself. Referring to figure 1, the top two clubs have the same points but different ranking in the Premier League 2007/2008, because if there are same points between teams, the goal difference (Number of goal scored – Number of goal conceded) will be the second comparing factor, and the total goal scored will be the  third factor. Lastly, if there is really such a coincidence that two important teams are still with same point, an extra match between them will be launched to solve the ranking problem. (Deloitte LLP, 2012) Likewise, other types of competition can consider extra factors other than just counting total points to avoid same ranking of teams. Solution to the problem of fairness For the second problem, it is much more complicated to deal with it. Goddard (1983), who had a deep study in ranking players in round-robin tournament, has proposed the concept of upsets to reflect the fairness of a ranking system. Upset in an ordering refers to a team with lower ranking defeats another team with higher ranking according to that ordering. (M. Stob,1985) From the table, every row refers to the competition performance of each team. A team gets 1 point if it wins and 0 point if it loses. There are a total of two upsets in this ranking system, in which team 7 (weaker team) defeats team 1 (stronger team) and team 6 (weaker team) defeats team 2 (stronger team) are exactly the two upsets. Having figured out the measure of fairness, Goddard suggested a new ranking approach called p-connectivity matrix which takes the different importance of victory into account. It actually works like how Google calculating the importance of web pages. (Springer US. 2005) Firstly, it takes the ranking of comparing total points as the basic ranking. Then, every victory in the tournament should be weighted in accordance with the primary ranking of the losing team, in other words, winnings against teams with higher primary ranking have a higher weight. The second ranking can thus be constructed with weighted winning. Similarly, the third ranking is built by using weighed victory which is adjusted according the second ranking. This process then repeats many times, in which generates many different ranking and the one with minimum upsets should be chosen as the final ranking. (M. Stob, 1985) Nevertheless, neither the calculation process nor result of this ranking method is convinced to the teams and players. Even though the importance of different winning games is considered, players and teams may not be convinced to the fact that they get more victories but lower ranking than another team with less wins. Therefore, most of the round-robin tournament still adopt ranking without weighted victory. All in all, it is not easy to find the fairest ranking system. Even until now, there is not a so-called fairest ordering method.

The Three Restauranteers

The Three Restauranteers The Three Restauranteers The Three Restauranteers By Maeve Maddox A reader asks about a word that means â€Å"a person who owns and manages a restaurant†: I recently saw the term restauranteer on someones resume. Ive heard of musketeers, and even mountaineers; but I thought restauranteurs and connoisseurs were in a different category? The reader may be surprised to know that the Word spellchecker flags both restauranteer and restauranteurs as misspellings. The standard form is restaurateur. The suffix -eer is an Anglicized form of the French suffix -ier. It is used to form nouns denoting persons. For example, French canonnier gives English cannoneer; French muletier gives English muleteer. The usual sense of such nouns is â€Å"one who is concerned with† or â€Å"one who deals in.† Some French borrowings retain the -ier in English, for example bombardier, brigadier, cashier, clothier, courier, and chocolatier. The suffix -eur is a French suffix unchanged in English. Its usual use is to form agent nouns from verbs, for example: amateur, one who does something for the love of it. connoisseur (from Latin cognÃ… scÄ•re, â€Å"to know†), one who knows, especially about matters of taste. provocateur, one who provokes a disturbance. raconteur (from French raconter, â€Å"to recount, tell†), one who tells stories. restaurateur, one who owns and manages a restaurant. saboteur, one who commits sabotage. secateur, something that cuts. All three forms- restaurateur, restauranteur, and restauranteer- appear on the Ngram Viewer, but restauranteur is close to the bottom of the grid, and restauranteer is barely a blip. The Chicago Manual of Style points out that restauranteur may appear in some dictionaries without being an example of good usage. The Associated Press Stylebook lists restaurateur as the only spelling. The reader who asked the question also asks to know how to remember the correct spelling. Perhaps this will help: Restaurateur begins like restaurant, but does not include the n, and it ends with the suffix -teur. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:English Grammar 101: All You Need to KnowUse a Dash for Number RangesHow to Send Tactful Emails from a Technical Support Desk

Satisfying and dissatisfying scenarios and two service incident Essay - 1

Satisfying and dissatisfying scenarios and two service incident analyses - Essay Example There are many satisfying service incidents that I have experienced, but I would like to share this particular experience with McDonald’s. McDonald’s is one of the leading firms in the fast food chain industry around the globe today. Fast food chain restaurants are very popular in today’s fast-paced world where everybody seems to be looking for an instant in almost everything. This incident happened on August 27, 2011, at around 3 o’clock in the afternoon. Together with my family, we enjoyed not just good tasting foods from McDonald’s, but including their fast and reliable service. It took only around less than 5 minutes and we enjoyed eating our orders. We were looking for nearby restaurants at that time. Our hunger and thirst were remarkable by then, but they subsided right away after we were able to receive product and service offerings based on our expectation. The researchers thought it would be much better to try McDonald’s instead of o ther restaurants because we were trying to consider the time and our level of hunger for food. It happened that McDonald’s was one of the nearby restaurants we saw so we considered it our primary choice. The researcher was so satisfied because there were many customers in the queue at that time but the service crew attendants did a remarkable favor for everyone. They ensured that customers’ orders have been taken already while they were still in the queue waiting their time to be served.

Strategies for analyzing and entering foreign markets Essay

Strategies for analyzing and entering foreign markets - Essay Example onal franchising is the strategy that gives the opportunity to an independent entrepreneur to operate a business under the name of another established brand name. International franchising helps businesses to expand into foreign markets using a franchise agreement. When franchises are expanded internationally, it opens new opportunities to new markets that the business could not have reached. International Franchising also allows businesses to take advantage of favorable government regulations in various countries. This helps to save money through the paid taxes. There are cultural differences that exist in various countries that might go a long way in killing the business in these countries. There is also financial risks involved when trying to expand the business into other countries. In analyzing foreign markets, firms first critically need to choose well the foreign market in which it would want to venture in. This would involve the analysis of the potential success of the business products in that market (Adam, 2001). The firm then requires gathering enough information to use in the analysis process. The information may include the knowledge about domestic government agencies, private agencies in that country as well as other private sources. In the analysis, it is also important for the firm to assess the possible risks in the foreign market. Firms choose their modes of entry into a foreign market through identification of the market, collection of information about the market, risk assessment, securing capital and space to carry out the

Factors influencing employee Affective Commitment

Factors influencing employee Affective Commitment In this era of globalization there is a dynamic business world which demands continuous change. Change in an organization is undeniable. Organizations have to make changes either due to external or internal factors. In the process of adaptation of change adaptive leader provides new roles, responsibilities, values and the ways of working to his employees. No doubt it is quite uneasy for employees to adopt change (Heifetz. R, Laurie, 2001). In order to manage these changes, understanding the process of change management is very important for the success of organization in the continuously changing business environment (Lowder, 2009). Change is defined as making something different in some particular way (Randle Flamholtz, 2008, p.3 ) Change is anything which is different from norms. Organizational change refers to activities associated with planning, designing, implementing and internalizing tools, procedures, routines, processes, or systems that will require people to perform their jobs differently (Mourier Smith, 2001, p.212). For successful implementation of change employees have to adopt new roles, new values, new relationships and new approaches to work. There are many different types of changes on the basis of different criteria. As Dunphy and Stace (as cited in Rafferty Simons, 2006) define four types of organizational changes,  ¬Ã‚ ne-tuning change, incremental adjustment, modular transformation and corporate transformation. Fine-tuning change means small changes adopted in the strategy, structure and the process of an organization. Background of the study When leader applies change in an organization he should not only check the performance of the firm but also check that how much employees are committed to change, because change has direct impact on employees (Heifetz.R. Laurie, 2001). If employees are committed they will support the change initiatives. Can commitment to change be obtained and, if so, will that help the implementation efforts (Parish Cadwallader, 2008). There is a need to understand how employees perceive change. How organizational change can be supported by employees commitment (Herscovitch Meyer, 2002). There is growing interest in estimating the role of employees commitment in the success of organizational change (Parish Cadwallader, 2008). To get employees commitment, leaders of an organization should understand the factors which enhance commitment to change. In Pakistan there are no significant research study conducted regarding change management. This study is conducted for sports goods manufacturing sector of Pakistan. In manufacturing sector transformational changes are usually considered to be capital intensive. In Pakistan sports goods manufacturing sector is labor intensive. So both fine tuning change and employee commitment can be measured in this sector by this study. Significance of study This study tries to explain the role of affective employee commitment for the success of organizational change. Basically this study is an attempt to fill the gap by adding new factors in the model which was proposed by Noble Mokwa, (1999) and then used by Parish Cadwallader, (2008). This study tests their model by adding new factors like self autonomy, trust in coworkers to add some knowledge in the literature. This study also provides factors responsible for successful implementation of fine tuning change in sports goods manufacturing sector of Pakistan. Broad Problem Area In Pakistan there is lack of research regarding change management practices. Major areas in which change management has implemented are federal board of revenue of Pakistan and irrigation system of Pakistan. There is a need of change in sports goods manufacturing sector of Pakistan for its progress in all over the world . There is gap for measuring organizational change with respect to employee commitment to organizational change Parish Cadwallader, (2008) and this study fills up that gap by adding some new factors from different studies. Research objective Main objective of this study is to measure the factors which can influence employee affective commitment to fine tuning change in sports goods manufacturing organization of Pakistan. Delimitations of the study Due to constraints of time, geographic area and little experience in the field of research this study limits itself to sports goods manufacturing organization in Sialkot. Literature review Change management is a painful process for almost any organization. In the form of change leaders and followers both take it as challenge. Changes in societies, markets, customers, competition, and technology around the globe are forcing to clarify their values, develop new strategies and learn new ways of operating (Heifetz, R. Laurie, 2001). Types of organizational changes There are many types of organizational changes on the different basis Dunphy, Stace (as cited in Rafferty Simons, 2006) define four types of organizational change on the basis of level of change, content of change, and the impact of change. Level of change means either the change is on big level or small level. Content of change means either changes is due to external factor or internal factors. Four types of changes are four types of change including  ¬Ã‚ ne-tuning change, incremental adjustment, modular transformation and corporate transformation. Fine tuning changes are done on small level of an organization usually at departmental or divisional levels. Incremental adjustments are those which are not radical but direct modifications in firms strategy, structure and management process. Modular transformation refers to realignment of one or more departments or divisions. Corporate transformation refers to change that is done on corporate level and revolutionary in its impact. I n many cases fine tuning change has positive and significant consequences as compare to other types. Employees are more adoptive and show commitment towards fine tuning change (Rafferty Simons, 2006). Employee commitment The extent to which a person identifies with and works toward organization-related goals and values (Noble Mokwa, 1999, p. 54). In the context of organizational change another definition is a force (mind-set) that binds an individual to a course of action deemed necessary for the successful implementation of a change initiative (Herscovitch Meyer, 2002, p. 476). Affective, continuance and normative commitment For deeply understanding the concept of commitment, Meyer Allen, (1991) gave a three component model having three categories of employee commitment, affective, continuance and normative commitment Meyer Allen, (1991) defines affective commitment (AC) as employees emotional attachment to, identification with, and involvement in the organization in other words employees stay with a  ¬Ã‚ rm because they want to. Continuance commitment (CC) means that the employee is very much aware about the cost to leave the organization in other words employees stay with a firm because they need to. Normative commitment (NC) means feeling of obligation to continue employment in other words employees stay with a firm because they ought to. Some categories of commitment were also discussed by Bennett, (2000) in different way. Three psychological bases for organizational attachment are compliance commitment, identification commitment and internalization commitment. Compliance commitment (continuance commitment) means the employees are committed to the organization because there are high monetary and social costs to leave the organization. Identification commitment (affective commitment) is commitment based on an emotional bond with the organization and the persons desire to be affiliated with the organization. Internalization commitment (Normative commitment) is internalized norms shared with the organizations goals, values and mission. When change affects an organizations core values employees internalized organizational commitment will be eroded. Since internalized commitment can be associated with other behaviors key to the change process this can have serious implications to an organization (Bennett, 2000). On the basis of above three components model of commitment Herscovitch Meyer, (2002) proposed a three-component model of commitment to organizational change and suggested that it has advantages similar to those demonstrated in the organizational commitment literature (e.g. improved ability to predict employee behavior). Therefore, affective commitment to change refers to a desire to support a change; continuance commitment to change is based on recognition that there are costs associated with resisting change, and normative commitment to change reflects a sense of obligation to be supportive. To measure the employees commitment to change there are different factors proposed by several researchers. Some of them are discussed here. Factors influencing employee commitment to organizational change Participation Employee participation refers to a process in which in ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uence is shared among individuals who are hierarchical unequals. In participation process subordinates equally share decision making authority with their superiors (Wagner, 1994). Many researchers have found that employee participation in decision making process is very important for the success of change as it reduces the resistance to change. Participative management encourages employees to participate in the process of making those decisions which directly affect their working environments ( Erturk. A, 2008). In many organizations change process badly failed because top management not involved their employees in the change process decisions. Lack of employee participation leads to unawareness of change so middle and lower level employees could not manage themselves with change. Employees dont get enough time to socialize themselves with change (Stanleigh, 2008). Employee participation not only provides task clearance but also gives self satisfaction and learning to employee. Employee participation can be used as tool by which top management can reduce resistance to change (Tonnessen, 2005). Participation increases the job performance by reducing role conflict and role ambiguity (Rafferty Simons, 2006). From above point of views I can propose that there is positive relationship between employee participation and employee commitment. Trust in superiors Trust has been de ¬Ã‚ ned as the willingness of a party to be vulnerable to the actions of another party based on the expectation that the other will perform a particular action even in the absence of monitoring or controls (Mayer, Davis, Schoorman, 1995; Rafferty Simons, 2006). Trust in seniors decreases the fear of change and manage the mindset of employees (Cheramie, 2008). Basically changes are initiated and driven by senior organizational leaders and employees take these changes as a risk for themselves (klein, 2004) in such situation trust in top management is very much important to keep the employees on the correct track by telling them the benefits of change. I propose that that there is a positive relation between trust in top management leaders and employees job commitment. Role autonomy Role autonomy refers to the degree to which employees experience freedom, independence and discretional decision making in terms of scheduling their work, selecting their equipment they will use, and deciding on procedures to follow (Graham Nafukho, 2007). When employees report high level of autonomy they believe they are able to act independently and control their own work. Role autonomy refers to the extent to which one has freedom to make job decisions and adjust behaviors accordingly (Noble and Mokwa, 1999). A manager who grants employee autonomy is perceived as sharing control. Under conditions of greater Autonomy, employees tend to have greater commitment to change (Tonnessen, 2006). Employees who have a sense of autonomy about their role in implementing workplace change initiatives they will develop commitment to change. I propose that there is positive relation between employee role autonomy and employees commitment to change. Trust In coworkers Another factor which can be linked with employees commitment to change is an individuals trust in his coworkers. Researchers argued that high level of trust within a work group leads to better understanding of task, improved performance, high level of corporation within work group and psychological satisfaction (May, Gibson, Harter, 2004). When there is high level of trust within there is low stress and tension which increase the innovation and performance of employees (Spector Jones, 2004). When any change comes in the system work group with high level of trust can better understand and response to that change Stanleigh, (2007) explored the relationship of organizational justice and trust for implementing change. They investigated the nature of trust through depth interviews of employees. They found that there is a little difference between trusting and mistrustful employees perceptions of distributive justice. They claimed that employees who experienced trusting emerged to receiv e an emotion of being respected and esteemed from their societal relations with top management. Job motivation Motivation is an energizing force with implications for employees behavior (Meyeret al., 2004). We believe that job motivation also influences attitudes. Specifically, it has implications for employee commitment to organizational change. In fact, there is a growing body of literature that supports the positive relationship between job motivation and employees attitudes toward change (Coopey Hartley, 2004). Paton and McCalman (2006) argued that organizational success is generated by motivated people. Furthermore, the greater the job motivation the greater the likelihood of employee commitment to the organization and to organizational change (Mathieu and Zajac, 2007; Thorsurd, 2002). Thus, I propose that employees experiencing high job motivation develop employee effective commitment. Outcomes of employee commitment to organizational change There are very few research studies in which researchers attempt to link employee affective commitment with organizational outcome. According to Meyer and Allen, (1991) affective commitment is positively associated with organizational outcomes by using importance, scope, and support from senior management as a factors influencing employees commitment. On the basis of model presented by Noble and Mokwa, (1999) and further used by Parish and Cadwallader, (2008) this study suggests two outcomes of employee commitment to organizational change and these are Perceived implementation success and Individual learning. Perceived implementation success Noble and Mokwa , (1999) identified implementation success as a primary outcome of commitment to a change and defined it as the extent to which an implementation effort is considered successful by the organization. Although researchers often evaluate strategic success from the viewpoints of managers Noble and Mokwa, (1999), it is valuable to consider nonmanager perspectives as well. Implementation can be effective only when employees are committed (Paton McCalman, 2000). In fact, Conner and sPatterson, (2001) labeled the lack of employee commitment as the most prevalent factor contributing to failed change projects. I propose that affective employee commitment to change is positively related with implementation success. Individual learning Learning has been defined as a knowledge-creation process in which information interpretation leads to a change in behaviors (Lehesvirta, 2004). Learning is part of the change process. For example Gibb and Scott, (2003) found that firms change by solving problems as they arise and by learning from the problem-solution process. Employees committed to change efforts are more likely to learn from the process. Loyal employees want to contribute to and see the results of their efforts, and they can do so through learning Teare and Rayner, (2002).When employees learn from being involved in an organizational change, they consider that learning to affect the success of the implementation. I propose that affective employee commitment to change is positively related with individual learning. Proposed model Employee participation Role autonomy Trust in senior leaders Job motivation Employee affective commitment to fine tune change Individual learning Implementation success Employee affective commitment to fine tune change Implementation success Individual learning Limitation of the study Some limitations of this study that could lead to future research are following. For this study data gathered from sports goods manufacturing organization of Pakistan. The same study can also be conducted for services sector of any country. Model of study emphasis on fine tuning change and employee effective commitment it can further expand by adding two other types of employee commitment change, continuance and normative commitment. Other factors which could influence are organizational culture and leadership style.

Politics and Other Social Sciences Essay

Man is a social animal. His social life has many dimensions – political, economic, sociological, psychological, historical etc. Social sciences deal with this multi-dimensional man, his collective life, social behaviour, organisations and activities. All of these dimensions of man are inter-connected leading to interrelationship among various social sciences. Political science, being one of the social sciences dealing with the political aspect of social man, has close connections with other social sciences. The modem approach in the study of social sciences is primarily interdisciplinary. It means that scholars of one specialized social science should work in coordination with scholars of other disciplines. This has resulted in a great deal of overlapping of disciplines. Interdisciplinary study has resulted in a rapid development of theoretical and applied aspects of politics and the sharpening of tools of research and analysis in the present century. Political Science and History Political Science and History are very closely connected. Jellinek remarked: It is almost a common-place today to affirm the necessity of historical study as a basis for a proper understanding of institutions, whether they be political, legal, or social.1 E.H. Carr holds that â€Å"the dual function of history (is) to enable man to understand the society of the past and to increase his mastery over the society of the present†} The cause and effect relationship of social phenomena can be understood by scientific understanding of history. History furnishes the political scientist the raw materials for comparison and induction. The relation of political science and history is well brought out in words of Seeley: â€Å"History without Political Science has no fruit. Political Science without history has no root†. In the words of Freeman, â€Å"history is past politics and politics is present history†. While political science is dependent on history for its material, it must be made clear that history supplies only part of its material. Again, all facts of history are not useful to political science. Garner rightly points out that not all of history is â€Å"past politics†. Much of it – like the history of art, of science, of inventions, discoveries, military campaigns, language, customs, dress, industries, religious controversies – has little, if any, relation to politics and affords no material for political investigation. Political Science selects relevant facts out of history. All political institutions are products of history. Without historical foundations, political science becomes merely speculative and abstract. History is a vast storehouse of facts and information from which political science draw its relevant materials for generalizations. Lipson writes: â€Å"with its chronological treatment, history offers to the student of politics a sense of growth and development and thus affords insight into the process of social change†. Political science has influence on history. Political ideas of thought leaders have contributed in shaping human history. Political revolutions and political concepts like democracy, liberty, equality and political ideologies like liberalism, nationalism and socialism have substantially influenced the history of societies. Garner aptly observes: â€Å"to interpret history in its true significance we must study that politically. Behaviouralism with its stress on empirical method has undermined the importance of historical method in recent political studies. Traditional method relied more on history as it believed that history can assist in understanding the present and act as a guide for the future. Political Science and Economics Political Science and economics are very closely related and cover a common ground to a large extent. Early writers on economics considered their subject as a branch of political science and termed it ‘political economy’. Politics influences substantially the economic system. The state formulates the economic policies and regulates the economy. Production and distribution of wealth, price control, trade, taxation, government ownership of public utilities, banking, export-import and such other economic activities are regulated by political decision-making. The solution of many economic problems must come through political channels. Indeed many of the complex problems of the modern state are essentially economic in character: the reduction of economic disparity, removal of poverty and unemployment, the adjustment of the claims of capital and labour, nationalization and the achievement of a welfare state. The modern state, Galbraith writes, is an â€Å"Industrial State†. On the other hand, political and social life is profoundly influenced by economic conditions. Karl Marx regarded politics as a part of political economy and maintained that the economic basis of society influences politics which belongs to the superstructure. Political movements and revolutions are profoundly influenced by economic causes. All political ideologies like liberalism, socialism, imperialism, fascism have an economic basis. The political behaviour of man and various organized groups is influenced by economic factors. The main functions of modern welfare state are basically economic. There are economic motives behind many political policies. Political norms like liberty, equality, rights, justice are very often evaluated on an economic basis. Thus there is close relationship between political and economic life. The interaction of the two disciplines has resulted in the increasing importance given to political economy in recent years. Political Science and Sociology No two social sciences are as closely related as political science and sociology. Sociology is the fundamental social science. It is the root of all the social sciences. It is the most comprehensive social science which studies all aspects of the life of man in society. In the words of Small, it is the â€Å"science of men in their associated processes†. Sociology has a much wider scope than political science. It is a study of society in all its manifestations, while political science is primarily a study of the state and government. In other words, sociology deals with man in all his social relations, while political science deals with the man in his political relations. Sociology deals with both organized and unorganised communities and groups, while political science is concerned with organised political communities. The subject of sociology is social man and that of political science is political man. The relation between the two sciences is well brought out by Garner. He writes: â€Å"Sociology derives from political science knowledge of the facts regarding the organization and activities of the state, while political science derives in large measure from sociology its knowledge of the origin of political authority and the laws of social control†. State and politics cannot be studied objectively without an understanding of the general laws of social development. Political institutions and processes are influenced by social forces and factors. Not only does sociology influence political science, but politics also influences the social system. The political system controls and regulates social forces and customs. Politics engineers the process of peaceful social change and is engaged in maintaining social stability and cooperation. Political control is the most important and the most effective among all forms of social control. Contemporary political studies have borrowed concepts, methods and techniques of research from sociology. The current sociological impact on the study of politics can be traced back to the influence of Max Weber. Interdisciplinary study of political science and sociology got tremendous fillip with the emergence of political behaviouralism. A new branch of study named political sociology has emerged as a result of the interaction between political science and sociology. G. Sartori has observed that politics has got socialised and society has got politicised in the present times to such an extent that politics cannot be studied in isolation from sociology. Political Science and Psychology Psychology is the science of mental attitudes and human behaviour. It studies human instincts, attitudes, sentiments and emotions. It has been emphasized that scientific study of social phenomena must have a psychological basis. Psychological factors have become increasingly important for understanding what people believe about politics and how they act in political situations. Study of political behaviour has assumed great significance under the impact of behaviouralism in political studies. The psychological approach in political science goes back to 1908 when A. F. Bentley’s â€Å"The Process of Government† and Graham Wallas’s â€Å"Human Nature in Politics† were published. The psychological approach received further impetus from Chicago School political scientists such as C. E Merrium, Stuart Rice, George Catlin and Harold Lasswell. Modern writers like Tarde, Le Bon, McDougall, Graham Wallas, Baldwin and Ellwood have attempted to explain and interpret political and social phenomena through the laws of psychology. Governments to be stable and popular must reflect the mental ideas and moral sentiments of the people who are subject to its control. Modern governments have devised subtle methods of the psychological manipulation of the masses. Public opinion is being moulded by ingenious propaganda as in politics the art of controlling the mass mind is increasingly becoming the key to political power and stability. Political Science and Ethics Political science has close historical links with philosophy and ethics. Initially, the study of state in Greece was a part of ethics. Ethics as a branch of study investigates the laws of morality and formulates rules of conduct. Ethics is the science of the moral order while political science is the science of the political order. Both have to deal with questions of right and wrong, good and bad, just and unjust. Plato conceived the notion of an ideal state in his ‘Republic’ and believed that the state should train men in a life of virtue. The end of the state, according to Aristotle, is good life for the citizens. Modern idealists like Rousseau, Kant, Hegel and Green have accepted the state as an ethical institution which creates conditions for the fullest development of human personality. Lord Acton goes so far as to say: â€Å"The great question is to discover, not what governments prescribe, but what they ought to prescribe†. Fox held that what is morally wrong can never be politically right. Gandhi’s lasting contribution to politics is his insistence upon the spiritualization of politics i.e., application of truth, non-violence, love, self-suffering to man’s social and political life. The end of the state has been formulated by the greatest political thinkers in terms of moral values. The state exists to promote social and moral good on the largest possible scale. A good citizen is possible in a good state and perfect state cannot be conceived where wrong ethical principles prevail. Laws are obeyed with greater readiness if they are based on the moral ideas of the community. Politics also influences ethics. Politics safeguards the ethical norms of a society. The state acts as the guardian of social morality. The attempts of some contemporary political scientists to create a value-free political science have not been successful. David Easton aptly observes: â€Å"The goal of value-free research is a myth†¦ The utility of political research stems from the fact that it helps men to decide upon the kind of political system they would prefer and to understand how to go about changing social policy to obtain it. The inspiration behind political science is clearly ethical.† Political Science and Jurisprudence The state is a social phenomenon as well as a legal institution. From the legal point of view, the state is a person with rights and duties. It is a juristic personality subject to the process of law. The state operates through law and hence jurisprudence, as the science of law, is closely related to politics. Strictly jurisprudence is a subdivision of political science but on account of its vast scope and technical nature it is studied as a separate branch of study. Jurisprudence has several branches, namely, civil law, criminal law, constitutional law, international law etc. Constitutional law defines the organs of the state, their relations to one another, and the rights and duties of individuals. International law regulates the relations of states and various international organizations: If law influences politics, politics also influences law. Different political systems have different legal systems; Laws tend to be a reflex of a particular social pattern and are influenced by the nature of the political system. Political Science and Anthropology Anthropology deals with man as a social being. It deals with the origin, classification and relations of races, languages and cultures found in different localities. Politics uses the vast material gathered by anthropology. Physical anthropology dealing with the conditions of primitive men and their environment facilitates the study of the origin and evolution of various political institutions. Similarly social or cultural anthropology dealing with the growth and interpretation of customs, traditions, habits and religious beliefs etc., explains the forces and factors operating in political institutions. Anthropological data have assumed great importance in the study of the formation of national character. Political Science and Geography Many writers have emphasized the influence of geographical conditions and physical environment upon national character. Even national policies have been shown to be determined by such conditions. The influence of climate, topography, character of the soil, insularity, the presence or absence of mountains, rivers and outlets to the sea has been emphasized by various political thinkers from Aristotle to the present. Notable among them are Bodin, Rousseau, Montesquieu and Buckle. The emphasis upon geographical factors as determinants of state policy and governmental functioning has resulted in the development of a new science known as ‘Geopolitics’. Since territory is an important element of the state, geographical factors naturally influence political activities. These factors have assumed great significance especially in the field of defence strategy. Political Science and Statistics Statistics is concerned with systematic collection, analysis and presentation of numerical data. Von Mohl described statistics as a means through which a picture of existing political and social conditions could be obtained. Social phenomena and the results of governmental action are quantitatively measured by it. Statistical findings â€Å"serve as a guide for administrative action, as a basis for legislation, and as a means for testing the expediency or effectiveness of political policies†. Therefore, all governments collect statistical information concerning finance, trade, military and economic resources, social conditions of the people etc. Behavioural approach to the study of political science has put excessive stress on statistical methods (quantification, techniques), thereby contributing a lot to the scientific character of political science. The foregoing discussion clearly shows the intimate relation of political science to other social sciences. A proper understanding of political institutions, processes and phenomena calls for reliance upon a number of sister disciplines. Specialization of social sciences should not lead to narrow compartmentalization. Interdisciplinary approach to the study of social sciences has resulted in the blurring of rigid boundaries of various disciplines and highlighting the need for mutual exchange and interaction among social scientists.